ࡱ> Y\Zy( H/ 0|DTimesngsortsxڄnx9 p0DOsakangsortsxڄnx9 p0 DArialngsortsxڄnx9 p00DMonotype Sortsxڄnx9 p0@DWingdingsortsxڄnx9 p0 b .  @n?" dd@  @@`` 4,`+@        /Xb$qZ,Vz  b$='QV c $`Reee333@R8Quʚ;2Nʚ;g4ididC`fppp@  2Q___PPT10 ( `   `   `nqZ,VzPNG  IHDR%zsRGB pHYs.#.#x?vtEXtDataTime2003:12:17 22:42:25Z$~tEXtSoftwareAdobe Photoshop 7.0l\IDATx^ 'lID@l4hضm'o4i?D[:c J_1I<8FnԎe6 {h²\j멪3Zï @@@@ V572C@@@   /@)9"   @=   @#      /@)9"   @=   @#      /@)9"   @=   @#      /@)9"   @=   @#      /@)9"   @=   @#      /@)9"   @=   @#      /@)9"   @=   @#      /@)9"   @=   @#      /@)9"   @=   @#      /@)9"   @=   @#      /@)9"   @=   @#      /@)9"   @=   @#      /@)9"   @=   @#      /@)9"   @=   @#      /@)9"   @=   @#      /@)9"   @=   @#      /@)9"   } ` ,y5'Ek략ktyd  @mB/PM@VPֶn:zժr; ճg4B޻amL~  @fۙS0DC ֵWj4$>`Рƌ:lXSC]Nb@@C u]oݼEy-L#t:D@boiEhƫzsZo넗XOG(>HbtD@2 oi;f h[&+.u>P}أG<'1<4#"  o'gK @@[n pIcnjՠ_>}  `!A5r&`vGo;Cmk&i v#ܙ 3Ƽꣽ־x)xsS   Mx;WY'3[Ok/5 l`PSs:";,s?sS5=oN:aI l@@ o%"c(#ގWqŒW8scnjbZ[l޺e'(?O=Zd  ED4x;^,5 ewg[E׭wWv w/%7@V  @a ӕ7$1s8μnV9-^={0jM7s:>EsC"ݧyf@@,g_U\ok' 4aCut%.+뼴豷&ߞMԝ # @seWo\ȑx;~.|:ɓOKb,YK/%otwkQw87B@ DX~kZ\9͹ˡ+oo]>mĉ----k'z-@@oQ" ;[ZA [ VƊg_?KՃ^Kz@@' +n)uHC'ڝKh"{{E@!`lךjgݰqC X_b   E:rw>oTx;v\V>V,ǽyYg}[rC@)@]~TM߮^n8` gu̲s(v/뮽uH_;/4<ܳUkꂩS< ]1.D@ @]^F x 1*T/8ȹU;+PV z O\!IDߚd=a&+R" e1I[nqUƙžw[xGᤅ"uk// <|@@ o?6N):6R\/!$0׌ ^7[  Tp6C܌r[&O>Osgw̿$&   SxSݒ9RزesjeQtE\2{ps4  6 lݼ%J-l}3˧ixr3  PZƷK4<m۷Ǔ fkzĉ3*b@@ okiX#Go䆀9^>W~ws*LM@@\o碛$ߡ%kr%` t7{l ֖PY@@ { :[JXoȝR ]x;=H3x睷3A!Z5ZFڈZ3 Mx;o=V}ٯBWϞiS'{nݰa:s*CM@@\o碛2d~3("{cp ~;qd @@ oCi I1\  6vD"\esnÇ12@ȵvg/BG'xUnXkq8@%@]n->d1 WvRD@.G@ o?d@*@@@@ d\ȧS9o@L 6WLf’_󟘔6mD|=_Ij #@mN_UVGssYTtw5mU 6 $ @*YT;v=;xˤ@@@ ގǑ\@ .IdK  @tPvCuO9J+@@xqo.;[Z[yCjmvCjj\^:n횵y*D@L 6C o# PdU+Ͽs @" oG&$HLw>Mƞu^{ 7,Z@!@@vΑQ|rE .k@_再ʖ|@@ݷo_[Hj \\LA)~c&cnj>cV&ϽOϽzѳ{ye8l%4Ӌ Jynu3yR쳮1v9AR8@r-@[C[k|箈lmOU@~!V&*ˡ349Wt:ogqb߲eїë3?)@ o稳*V9x:7J6?jhotRz8(Ix'k/Uj @@Kx;xr@4t.{`[L͉ub C)*" hWa/䒤+F  _] 5˙ Y](\/,6gr=&o[]ww&G?]ю/})\`v d)@~eX]L?VJe5Fn3+q^0Y7> Uw"Dž<ҟ%x;W! PKKv]ͽm!v߹ <okɋK\эx;" # Px.|@ VچYhWӏMg_?K?&M"hXҠ&*stFfwt\`=O@@ fƷcWv%5c8S[T 7NgiyyjډN<3 3u)q hWtf޽ @s jB=h~[sZ]z[mn;my" z3N_ 41O?gHK>ػaj1x:rC@x-"k{vޮ֭_gH35s;hr'k]#̼줨 jBh5pwgW\ ˅ Dx$L;xg5g ^ֶ{!#s"dAou&, ^S~U I)# k\w_8G>h[o.c6{Z^¡344t[L0wf,G=/zz =H@@mz!:8x۵Wvi'L:Bmu+992/3^B[S?q~  @v ?wc&32jrk{k략kZnXژk*;Sosj.~6g޾'%oު@++X㽻 @pvy 0`Рrg:7ƒh^qGS.>cfn43)B4s7ū^lusD \;JKǷLy<̮V  P-@]"Dd{x+8i u8qb+s^V׀F埯_bt>g^C@@% @,-?idתhvzU,_si6=~ΛmEiV@@e}$ǖW2k8g,/^={f(}/,=7gST@7 0x``vȽIKzsݻo +mmQ6sƌ B[[%=X2(@ o#?åMM]匢@t==t>Vhks>1k'@(vi~3YYjϰAN׀9sǞ)/F@ oCiN6A*v˦Ɨ꺯*t5Ўe@OP   Gxۏi8 $4W=Yc΋ k$=SO/>?w㏅[vйa6F@M6r䑙mvI!f>ڭ]6|۲;:&>{@gw_p:lԩ_;/r #@3 Xk!Zfr!%  @)S M؎^=?Zm)D @ oix_k U-L7[ U ? +ͯ B{ĉfBۀk@(voj{ŁtHC'4u/'AV[nYhQjU[}Jc_,ZFu\  .O_]Ct80Dn\aݺ=\4+҇xw׫bоBˡ!%  95AmelvԹѵS94OhvmY0@;F@@,mW 9m)5/AjT{hp+VhOW4@R o6v~/נ_HեŽzL6 h_w7pVhww~:oVhwL@0_x>ʠMM]2(5'EI;LfLbYps=}B7F@,eiڙ׶Rlk식--Af@y;o SЀ|Vnޒ! @ ֡4 @'TtboF}mߞn ^QcF±c~iZ= 8}m@& SxNqU Gbزe FО=g3NtR̼-j QFuGaW¼6\x{c;RȭZO/>?wΜ3fh/p>>}b> d.@yP \:v!D)~u%!X:7L|rCp  \x7G  }g1ڿC!ӫ2pԯ~ǝ]rIe'7@(vz9p@;0Y F<2H" k{ӦEJm:F{Bmhϼn)g@@ȷv/q(\]jUEbvPKS:;R.1i/<:F((@ @ G|B,5M(m ?nUU(πv{[[jDA  P0u(A cS MkrK]hGX~]R$ BxH#@:ab`߾1 @ og7OD Z$9i?5!zu !T h/4M}cpd/@+@]T ?e-~3O2i 2ƉSv*6677p-~^W3$%  PZv= /pHC'?li4"0vW_}ܟj/4RzCj  @~wIk6oe܄|'=>F{ؾQI  ޮoT>oB{&W4~K.1K?ʐ  P5-Msk^lAŞZ#O }w" @! ٭4*Y%[@ir}u}mYW :R`)@@Cx[8f)ׄm۷GϜ@@Ex;\f‰>v[k(&ZdޫgϼTzVJ4@H@۷)|ō@1AkF@@#jh!]df㺊 EU_7W#  .~m᠁7W?;gNrsKjkrUىޡn  #΍]U4u}aE׳u\r۰qCih1#GZv%pe:c\*  .WnvRtVt/W(ͯRtQʊ77.qmAVhu\h'JOݭ4@b ގhZܚ>]kzZ/\9H{ktx5K_RF桅5:Rz3   #*Tx ִE¶6/ys n-vb7j][[[I@@ !`ZziFkI.a{caH{! v|'76^|NUE9A޲}RN aaH# v i*b% _nlp]D1~}7CrC@J%@w6W_k1GBz6ijَwJN   P[x;gw}}.s8{ٗg<<ͶPVvl{,vT2D@ oޣKuur577/}S>qD߉N~:7$SBs-ɁR&t]1ru{4$@@p}1G@Kn}Ohd^7}ܬzݷOD_eՕT :YW> hV-[@Z$4SWՃzN1 Ry<]Wz] \Խd6Y-kчM3@ ogV֛K5sekeq]ۚM ]%V5f4-(^;ZI}[ x;t @@@'O6XzmÝK 1S<%ˡ #UlU]}3Vn$\'i,-E@ۡ_k/|}h V\k#?@ ~{_rgQ.ѳw  PWx.Qh1c]iduZS=W2ʚN+zS Jx8ݩm5|?>c&tQZ;o)@@'O>_;OOͻ;5|m-H8ʵ9֤WI4N%-y"  MW6/]Ϟ3ǚ~%})WnZBE)s'*mլ}ڎQׅ>  @K4VZ]\>kp .@mzQ?@6lܐUє  .@'iB 5) 쵍MS,E!  )@mQۄA> mj^ۘwwV|IߴˬM@ȯ}W[#G%@*--UM]O@$@ +q4ۙS8 Fx;7]EE(+2͆ ׁ   .vn]=_'0qk*A~}R5fϔ$C@p os?|JG^ ! |޻Oa*;d  @۱!!ЧO4K^Bn];! `9}jMR- ɋQy?D@ J>r׭_q (۶o/7@Z?lynumnnNJ@@"oi`ǾteҝxK@Ux;VN2Chطuhj{&%  P>y-cocĦ΍~Yi^fLH Mxl=s{7lsdWX?<ښnAY?OR"  .|k!] ca,p&e/^!>.W=Y,5mM׫gOL@@| o竿m`ozj5K|%[[9nUU;,{~^Gښw>Qۋ# @Mmn,q-ög+^O1x^fpGi Sx;X]Bk2lkagxpzMr& U;o@"@Ek=K돵gk6k[7oKd}>ymb0C@ qĉ ,`˖*/U,q.kޝk҄Iy@>}.$(&@@<OZuK<%,q֥ĭYa]%^ú2dXzي^sw?K^u_ƌŅ  P*Ru7+`ea]KY~¦;SK.V/\o~[nW\3;} H  6Ya]/~}XWҳܽ3zȋ~ޭtF\DA%[ZZty 7\ڹs(&777͓  @K~:˞%ۚ%a]{e׌rs~sz .ojaükkk %}"%o.Q3f( G@@ v .X>kúYIS!'Lr\)s7>1wގbM]%g[5IA  @N= 3"\k}XW˲&}X=K\+'\ ;}zQe@ͼ6jTSS >K# Qv횵's~5ɼԚ%n֥ĭYa])%e, 3_g+>yN֨G^֌jR@3Kn  oF:d6?=K:KĭúL¥2lkaka[;.CQH7y-qΛ{E_Y'N n@u(@b6+@'@ Nǹt qDN<˚%a]K;;\J1Mlm(JF}U> }Ju}v>vXsv(7@@r oim5KúL7:Ąjv>}ƌoIo]>McD%7h>  *F T֥Y֕~ h N3:5Sh~r3 $-@0'%.VHcb4V(?3k &YJa?|ݵΜ1cUm5G@mO4Na]5uvߙo P\,y 8;eC@ >Ăз+'cfygJ=uPn&Ux WLVX~w[لٙt" ~wy?6[}Y?e̿64?;2w.nyú"sPC{cAʭ 26+mmlݨ@sss,V}x >hv,d i{Ƹ⬟E)&׏;W\a߾2;2W(+2װmFՇԋ"4G+얖4*M  v<:O؎5RaEK;2WLSESÐ@r!@n .@H~![7*@3oȩavN;j# ~}⺣磎=Wx yxX#&Y%cݻOqu  v@ՉO ? D<, % f5ӧoB%[@HAx{?2)j@m6k?`z $!"Fav-"O@H_KTK~fYja3fJuu.v¤D6sM׽'\ʵp3V_uc\.lڵ쩥wä̶n1p:S cd!+nT[a['8i7A@ u峬}Ͳ~x 4MM] WQmj{OPJ,{fG:7cN@'@}HΝ\pQhGW_;,;f+T.I_Sd"ܽn(aݺtj8 78qf~ǝ~ec Dx@Gwm^V6∱kg̰br}bsX1ԩ_ˊɽ| 5mӢr&XZbɇLȣ'O>Yj1WZ“Rg@J.@ e3ϴbr}DzbTyʋop|ؾ3*P> );E\g! @);o+}@MصA@ .$@ o={va9bT݊ѐ}H4$@st6Фq[7o1@b ގtYy}^q]XN= 5tAV%y$YaI¥|]/0N3ëwx[l޺S_4@YE},[+>ϟ~HG[@0Jѻo׎~Q88PmZضQ$ :IzY<pfsi ,#69kER;fwy:ZB SQ@*@}4ԫ5O5K@3fpǦ.Ƒ<8>FNB@ QcbQAwUO/>wIIɒ/E 06^~  PHBvkFmظa~v|mϪCe۸;3 A_LIIf*D  POQ[i9OF2?؍7/;goѼ]_(˓F[`ﶕ=eǟk z7nX9jӼ4WϞ!@0G> _峦\p9}&K^m-D$>zܑG=zf~͛Mٽ 8 \32*Z1svsޝw{wۊޟuE% Å Wxx;ݫ#gi۹ν! rvwo[?W}AkИ9&vB^K]nQ H^3vlƽR--x3,yn+~qŋ7枱tϚGgmxVeo5K3@]rX辰! o=zrm۷C'M|bXH-ƾCS++3S(E^ 4@(v]']t%79stMC熜*ŵmWE"5'|ضt)%9KKΖ@HGxgo6;[Z錔KQ}괛sWk[KSCB9&TDҽO]o?[Њ2 kO@ @I/z}i)hǎ;FtNĉ;]%m,{K @@" oG+>3}J zYh.^gѢ׼Xby.I%@@ 'hHK߇8Bk}i6mu hvuvc:zڃ+'dRFhkk 9  ~7kƵ]r7ؤveO鐧jN݇LՔeWģa߹RܽD޹^#NtPn]$eСAʙ~ͽ׶kV# P ƷяBemu> zySwCYRf<5c\` 2g9?:l׀)FvA:f XxS5_kJ|x6I'h1H^5S᩵C\*yR  ;OuYf.d}];h'}2#7w/ *w;)5fqST@ o%"A0-t!5 8y+G`dD.  `dA}a:}")|رHɪ-5owurV\ 4tnz @@4OHFjmnW[XuJ!D!7J.Я_ |@ @]N  co%  oXA@(va!PB׼O. p!MuT.>sRuW1k-@@ QJAݷݰ#RCf}KͫCe`v>-ZݶR]*~>`B@<>o>p x?Vmf^7 +Mz3VJ焍riQ=.zcf=m9jK&U})ɵxkΤJ ?ߵI?ٙIL+TG}gl۸Z+~|OzM]\<ǎ;OsH  oWv 7k o׈͌ =^nw׺=SdRBn[ѲBz:fWުoL^ @ ەz1swܙBPD @\yI\Uy~sޝͩˍ讞0!m{-m[zwPc{wIZ)͙_r v&" v%ro?w{_ ]Bo3k*f gۦEJ'i2K?^!I7\|{P1@ oo[LL\kfWj?pf~jUf7:ih~zMĨx[;! ' /םv4 t5ش*>[_mR1|qV'oi  +_OwFuq|*C.?&sus*CM@@ vIb hvtw;bv sS\C^mWr Axۥw^>$"k X5̧ĚX]X<+Ngٳtl^O S 1Qs@)~i.>YW×|֔ .(blklIu'>ؚWT,ʼvi期 ?)J~[_?VУ"١C'ru`_p9qyo* x?Vvyݬ%g@HGxx;;-Rd`W'׌c@m1΋ftI,$w~!83\箍V4x ^7gBǫN݇tqDmih3[{)ۯ:Q ۱Q   ot}w߽ps;f3Vx;qZEՃڞzlukh^|sֈu<^,xX2A@ sotAF׎imgVv~ً~않cyz̕ ?ݣy?=ǟΟۅYs0ZS}0֯32@b ގ #к~iҺG]bOzW9}]YD^ÛР! /@G vM6ߣ0|8G=E^=:)G )sUn[Y^Ӭr* @]n.EG{Go3_UOGtՎ]ORzv>zc|T4Z!kN;T  .h엛CBXkW{I2Uщk񚘙3b]J  @-anU+7B !*+[uva nucϹI3U,@@ em.zuC[[|R\;^yثcOɸr[`ﶵ!/6h:3[۫gO3+F@@ v .#P:'u;x;7CGԕ~3@ @މpûK҄׼Q&LNK7"cmѱ!  %@.sHC'?0RXbTя%lEfؽ3(!MF@S@dˤ9 ,pC\md_,cˇ 8c$#@L v#tÆuLJ@ѴS#\s}gĜ.Z*l6mTƄ}xhNGQ@ okmg`bί'%w&y^Nv=HV}M JA@D%,aI`Y޾@%K@%@s=l7m ;䥪f֓pڽp]˞rvcyluF@ o뻎`:ynG|!e,a]nYFzv&}Pm5\]^ׯN&  )@ǶyoA ]2iŽm(pf' =s7tkʂD  1 oI6gSs>"/񟘔B:m{>.F߻T@" |v߾}ElW m}իVUg/5 b(Yh G}>ڸRsW >~)Ȥ ?}讞 ̤[_nw׶`QtMXjÆͼnVJ )0rY({e՗7枱tk[rm+̮g˲ʢk;[<_#O(2KOkj@Ix睷]I:7B  .F?f ؚWviZ|*֊ 9m˪z ٖg7'EǹVklkDmf%B  ȑGkD"KDūZj 5vkWE3+&l)9 ,?t13zLYdgi  ]ePac+FUxUQbx$DEy=>H\I`&*TɃ@ oG7,f:ZͿXqƱ>4y=>Rsg~R˃6!3۶.{1UA4fkw\֤ET@ o{vQcFu2 ;$[Cٯ>N[33\#j&{}SO YI`) j?5s#iFGfN/Q@" oG+0[K3_ΟN݇I6N^zsgLyP{uMԩa/N7EG{kM}/S m._ksow{_1 fxᭋKz=VNj2Z#oMG[k)z kLUub+/5/WCڎ8qpEOufrokMٻ6g7R堍z4 QdRhBm WS~)߸5;?9@ `|۳j|Q(nx֭&N+ZcK(^շWǎ]gN MgԅufT}-[dX= @a ӕҶ~IDN!8^:e 4sl*v>kU2NJ>rk,Ļ؛镡׆ZޒZ(@Kt'}ZCL3?8pϦɬ{?8EMI`EYڅ  v-#t;=U%ZVek3-uK>T@{K^wW#9y;+̋p٧4MÕĴ Dx$]^b1U,鏬Z>Z 9v;lyO]Wڅk6*@L 6wbkpͱyKB[m:m+vqI 3k黖a()vZW}:C@< o굣ƌvU^u>K-̙Wr;@{w,Dnsb;u?,`N$G@b ގ,2H"l.Hகv% k6Ae*ώ={R9X@0Dxېd)в췮wvCzGʅ  @`Zdc%; m>m>R~J?URXv&O)mt ʪ]*x˪G(@ obSwZ.MI`%|Ε4pPz6" P:й$ͬ(KiK$Ͽy`P;LF:tnlr9" Qu_)zsQY2m& zpg_sXo{w5Omˮ ObKB94 @ ގZ.\ #)x8Bѹ.r}A+ϾAH D ޮԹSArpN)mBfB/PX4Y5o^2A@рA[xmuc~amZT+N+d/st6M47mZC u$; ҒQ'uz\ZE.{-Ń$搜J65u1@| oׁj,V7xkOXRd5N168&X]3T`%%u~XJ5@@uÇqMzժbK7(FCB/vĉ x IW$0=10PLZ`uݮ={u.A@o祧gͼmsGhd;L  @m:wHasK9_ Q=+[ 5N1r-izײ,.k2)7B6Gl8:ef0Ȓ -}]A*w7.r;* o6e'=SDkgnu㤟Qw=K`9tɲnNÓ&޸&J\x]A=qXmWG{6]A45:wU͚Gnjr%Nj9?(dy˥Brk>D@wP|zED}MRwG V0uąBg˅54'+f ;Z(o"% `>ykP?)HbmknVRטI`!е_Ɋ_\QEM 4sL]*zMO]a7`[u+cC  ޮԯ_Do~VHes \fA-%Iɝֶ'I`u;U[YѵviZߘ{;]8v++*;<:Kí\{?Om$@@(@^ Sg a0K ɝֶ{^u'މ|jXWfgEZF:9s4$^|^I< [OkmIsss@ ޮM'm 3YwqhDsS%rw"r ;|juAû;zp AF5Wj˼vZ۱[!  o0hkwyŤȳ@QQ۵9n)I` f )X9F5m-f{]# @ ՝^jsPnLw{>S+َ7VXn``r[Zì`2G5܊B,z:WS|d  @VчͯN7tذͪ)j1=qʃ{PX/c{5|̕ bY,Ku )Krx]+_}?dZssyv2fw>밓ǞSR{{zycϝI@ ޮO^g;}zFVDQi}lk ϻ/|3'Q|Z>ujT]D5ұ^kpY3ۨ; ^/|cnj>cFPd i 0暧5 \ѠG{Zq!z=Mo~qC0ޫ,kv+Sifn[H  Օ \ӵ꫌$zd̻mŧ65t ]X)7̶[#;ɉ[z h[fԛխ˗rgN@HTxo~]ӭ]Y' :ZVGK< uk:zUI'<:,ƵvAlkx.FkZrGOkl_Cߊ5^5}3\)]])2RٴikÇ"GoET@ !GuhZcߡ1B1q]cA eec[_?ٚmc;c+}boNuָihɷ0ݚ9γS_DG{ĤD@ o껦[Df .1$0k@{񏎋>o\Xk5#r.ڽɄ)LmA?]Z]-  @m_h^g[Y'cGUH$f{|O m}@[]j V5kngif+hhy wMI=!132F@ oSHy͞rPx_J: LS>W?V+ *VO]T؄5 5uߵ-Q.N:3V  PZm_]g{}]oj"`uPP ESD^Nskgn q0[B>s:®Iqfʹnx447Cgnܒ\ef<ǎ;&@2 g속|]O"Bm|Tp]̆Z+ Z.lCnmSI^+q\37-yz:\3 e .~/?U$t.o۴(iu-„qi[v=2fkҲ!^qo>5*{TD[.G@c}u|r]ܺ}_Yd(]c/:˓ޕM{yi/~:yEwi sטH-W]@@HHxGx[j,LTb.ڎ1L(w.h:Kg>~&{lܹ^ Y+# @ht\'h9:O XזeϹ^g_nL[ڣ=5o<T'y@.w-TX{\;tذR9X@ @]z}son[|!`:yieo:MJzi@`29HlF 2 %k@ȍ߮oͩeFJ ܺb wW}z;+Zi~iAwDS4[B{9?0Xtc/5oĞg NnۘȪ$  v\Ǩƙnh.ݟþ`SZ^GpAk@U@*@WWϞIfA*z3m8:Y'ik7ED'L^c\轟p:;,tZ81B@ o={&]~,2J\͌ZShtR-Gt$0M _`6EZ:.EZ=yEV:G9S?򽺋k&^}A ]b3 G<2@ N<#LɔժZ?ܺ~r:!Y[^>XC k߁[a5^u@@p={^~]\Mj ϏA ll{ dAx"(F~+CEJ~ Gc40 l˰m|Inݲ%_  Ex;"P|k֪TwV* EZɯ%2VqarN  _xۿgzr1#F̨HjsPdE^ڝjݥQvbKox='nh]45F1FDD]va%  @:{z rI7GUD>׹kDeJ`SꞷxlUO \&NsQk]5k֔Qg}>F8ܳ*vZvݭ{O:yuo'/=6=5ŏCS_X/fՖ\5?c~+ba3UW G@xT'23&9]Ñՠt~TwZoVqoV@lk+seoaNxO6<Cv7#6 x o77˅yHi`Z]F9o'$.nZq~W/9\qʇRh3ZbЫ  .XB hk CrY~ZQ)\=|ͣZRŒz)@  19ZT˂|Z X?52$؎QxQ !kl;D)k@@O^뻝eZ5On~رkzu7C4>LS5bV]+֝GAl3RCվP]Ī_[iڻ_:'d ^E7j4u'}ny1mk;Z3U1AJ0YNP_ܲ^v#y$DlAHQ/XuiۼzP뙚I ߩ@ J>rM;96[Vu9Y: ߬[V5n9:g5,/؄5H+>׹kM3a$'" Tzj+]z够 #$ mj15'ގ:3mM i7Q{k۶nGxPnLI [@`4(| }._W\@G}e9?y C_>+E&T\WL ?Vף̉7s傡S}M& @VYgY_,XU$#.Ř"Z]\̆ҪwR't>DѵBkWh=aˊZvBk-9InWŔ[Jq  v\yGsT]Ꚍ@aS~d5zޤкZkI{UѵBk힨КrБT@$o۸*;^߫i~j63s 8{5'|ą2  PN"Gy-vw:\tkNx/s ?暧s™az/R?@#@_f䔔@ݴ{p{Ӊ7TOnspk̘_W x pXo7o{Փ-'z|sK>+^Zݱܵ͝z . F@@@O7e\v!Mms>w|VZ#  @-4@@H]x;ur D@@(va;kUpaL@@@MX*sZ!  oh8tm   @۩S    @ {,fh   tTjvl[uǍ   .O{?   `}D @@@'@>SIFȫϼw  Q{mGzs+G`?w    u|ag @@@ o7 @@@ o?ع%   @A ґػb6V!  9 IGTN)'A@@%@]}`Z  d$@|ݱ<>eOU_&#A@@>o>+I 8 pv`ﶕVW{ﶵԱmse;vm|9"ۤ쌘#  @'Xty۶]\Mk տ|տl۴v#[_!d  @gQW=z??/sϻ>jUQ렱3b=A\h\  9El5ѐ]=nN[렱[/ux'B!  Zx;^yȵt vcnL;ݹ ov  Zx_#.`k ڤs傂6f!  P +E7H@@@N):{j"+ W'^flTEUkgn ٌrApײ??J=7(Z@R _ZƖZ@/q\-⭯ܯo|Fr$72 G߼mJXW"ſ }-"  o5T 86=57HY㶍/|W?6ej>ZmDEqqymzU M}9" f o/ Rck蘶Wu5RؚkFX#m @ xf',y6֎%3@@ { Qߚ?ƖYXt T~iYX#4m[_X 6_  PT,*Be/jXZQ'%u ;)u6'P}bYJb@@pm;!F`yY_a*kz{NLbAƖc0JV:;קaiu,-6xFE@L 6GQlk+Q|+4,6'azZzV郖Nz@@Xmc!F cl S5Fœ޹[=+H+:%5oa;.JA@ @LfjQOG4QAox]o{A+@z@@Xmc!L`3̉'a{V{ug1a.~,ioY! @ރ۪[gITƪpQU TMΏ@@c*_+eig͉'7>=ϨRj>{i%ܺGk(5B@oQX񋫍ڍ܉Ɇēz*şqV@Ib耱@ 1  `B+F]Qos'k[/;us~{ڼtZŠIkKD ,@28!5Ί3Ǹ2g2&j}fީBk=B|TCa  @ %i hvZE)ǨN}0\Bx3ƌ  @ߴHIn` 6g25 \' 8*MO'ʜZb|#OM@@ /ݷo_^J=@l?:.рG1A45fڶqGmZ܉WYG~[?:Ϥo4Y޿ǴUCΞQ_fl#{zrApײΏivuz$s@ ֟)z/bU*m]{/g%^Wl䣦{ emSQǝc?Z۬5L:E3 Wis~?)k 7-BQ1b) (܍=Vf Y\ac -  *@͍@=ijtu5Pc!+:e ?VvL*EY~kDjEǟQtWkf # @K~ h*WZHBJg575ܭ 5ggPuGkaEݚ=.3F%(/ܑcAb@@ v87B 3Oϋl Jǻkv?N#.%JfVnRf롆Fh 3t#ZdK''zXs  _xۿ)0B E 5(DrO:A>hYFAgUN/[[m8&#  `BpP)?|eM(Sz^(k')M }n}?|$  `i=B}%#bҬ!0 IZ,:[{# @iK4<q-g?.̔o?8OzgN}Ft+j.@Px;C|F &kzskRkl-$Or(]U`58o.HB@@Kx{5|yMchcߡs|Z,yuw}I  MDž-{ыعޯ+@SQ.t^}4н{C4]OZJQǪiBdž\WyYJr!  P!@-@>Ų/tgֲqq)~eqe<̣,:d1qR^HЕB@@x{\ Y8zܽgu9|b\5yp_\3,:xF=lڵ/r@@`|;MmB @/CbLrCaWk7Y߹R3_+t(G<,J\  E2r/жyuېX>Of[aCH$ϯo=%Jjjɫߣ4k@@0ۅJRd:w޼;GϤ9h1:8,J]EɁk@@>o߾r'gK`ϻޘ{Fx)sS4Z'!NƮslae[0U'*kgn ] wWc:nivuzh.D@|Ʒ#j~PڶWR^WnNZݭAQ~^drh]-]A  Zx;4"@,qyiWitNS- 3m;ˡe ^x;]H#㨓bi컿!ぱHڙhO-rwl[o1NTt0X:# ^F#≷5MsRQMxTֽ[&fO )F@D%sPD͟cq wS2h;YeY>=r@@ ގדHVyqs ʵz\N.|#M"ߵu}/ˆǘe^*  .dҨ >~J\mJ7Cr!"n>ec3߹RZ֞q} Ζ/s%tW- D ގ*)c;Y!J!b fp߶m+B+&ύ4pdQ:lSpK^r{)@ 6!7ij"܊`8XcGW ;ضj+: ˣ\}po}.4<ff A@c'%C1x29bir`+9'q_yp%jӵU~zB@\1ș63VZ0y۔+\+v6w|5FMsR`Y roy%Tۦ%& K,YeI˒g3@@lmn'+vzrߪm{mi ͿǭytVqݶynBn9Epf" fRaJ][e:,P*@@g3)@0btW-ژCqcO-Qfܩ%&@!vD?xEwuuz݊)O dRse;~inBNn= 1O{H]ɚ't~Rz=A?(Ep-  ogO ]G B2B!gL pUApHWhDB>9:Jt<+$"ޮz7􈝽z{@ G9,gYN{˰mΝi}fSQz ~ٶ~zq'u[J^i̧E^+e&< LPS" hh1 nݼ,zkƵ]'&Z?Z#f֣QFS U=׈R%]G"  @,۱0 $qZђv,^;{ wpG] z?%%qYD.G@M@HmB6lʏC^e栦wt4=4ўav͎7F3cOCײ(VDɁk@@Xca$2l^-V̬x_;m c?<}*I`:8]4'V}N"r@@ C )x6$'ry]+*- nG^dr DZQ향OGd  U%ݿ wz22>=n//rNb2uhD)NGerQ(  ` os3 PC]˞Z䪭â>=rf-rRnrɭZER޲$-r- Lx`JsJ-Kk Ymq) o$&[ 1L)ѬvϤO)@  6SN3[_mW%}5?yEweUkd&}ys'}J:ӁgV@@!M/|sMX/gpݻFnΓQLn>-l(Ew>$GR(J\ os P@ŖzڜE˚>_K=0!Va- G&)~cR*E  S@q̗s+`fg5qwr= ;c5OgAK[z4M)ssy)*eGcT4  6Pp7nŴNJۍrW;__Vܛr2Yc\-i(mOg2U~,{4k@@(oGZr pW݊aЮ-GRܫ婙X U}Is:ɭjpnטV𳈙p9  Nx;W!3EzՀs2 3_d l斧`H[S be/L&*'#:b4'[c䈯m1.G@ |v߾}*ȵ:}ZjO^]uqkdxݫ z^rtqge#Zs  @۱!׶uoto۸ZՀM]4K߁L~sƁc/F[=wZ +3׳N=/;u?}6:;>5F@ NR@@@*^={\ [o.5fq8|'m^QJu2+c׵nvqL\Kqn)+*l32}8zu*gݰq@xأO/?mmm}Eu7񯇍8:Jz1*ʵJխ9!^/*սI oIs Nr*&tk%{]/dη>O~Vߺ=~uCeUhbOp7:Wpokve?\?^.*~_]Ck׬yݍd^?9=vN;j#.kSK[/:ekj6to^nwեl]w >1cϘQW}~u̙@~_=?[?7+2W뮽֎*Z;~kT'Ro\d:꫽"O}=),Rau6Vh]kL8_\Cyo[hk>S~j{n~߷*g>g⠭a ?.fa++CWo]p*ȕ_5n*]nT߱-+Uܯ~cޫVֵU}w?Rj<]t5Ֆ7^kӾ}V7C+}zvv[*^;5OzRvzmm[g6i藹Wإ80$WX~??><.ĕ׫;*^涞W~ԭ{k }Sq 8`qg;">jm|yeP5S]/t}Wq5?95z˳Kèƶ47\kh+7|%c>y"Xe^l{ׁK}IEٳp}KWzO ]x4xmF*]a"Ϻ"Suk+ֵ6U>>~S[ Tq6;+̙}c[wAVR?~SL_LYߨVzD}.s 48D/?9x~y=1fǬ*78rsφxV[ɦCݧUshJLä/t۵iOu?ԛ xy ]K)n<'+=׃y}TzVYt5R,/-QHպV51 ε?>/_<Կ uu3^կw!@-խkc>}$ynom>Uվ7EkI*j[7oy睷WQ_/5#;o۳ c--d)&|n /gX^STjq2^onuW{$Pm'Ԑaû45mz_u}?tZ)+JYKZ`cTM뽷gsODs9]S}~Zz8 A O"{bx".]xNObٕu_ּseFzm5uKް/<׬)Nз׭?o~3P\/a|;}sJD m/_T>k4x;*.Yd7f}Pi޲O2>ˊOV)c@izU% ݭrEl5y}/BY?/}-smiT%=z/4W7[ځJ5_` R>YMhE_jZת t!|Z76n]uRu޺^_lWO|bSsL9pԾ7R=gnWqy{vl49n=cW^z tI^ 릞\Q7iAJP`;[PbE lg{HC/󤫤C*HCEO(foFe6ֈRtT*Edv%^Js.*^?󭬶G3g.CH][pQ}thSFP/v+^5 $*vhQ=\nICz`rkX}69='^7"P%OhY>~72oOEVUe=~}D[R_[uhZ\OWX4V]Ɋ uڟ:/43Ffl5;L#4Zڭ EQ \=֍Rk+)AŗiD:ӊ ~-lަ;!P`w }$dBoM?}FUsȮ*;$̶BAXzYiَckvUok7>gsǨVz:3ä9Xe}k[1i6l'y_;e("=ܷ. *+SiT=!~=܎9x{{V۟{PY &ŴM@"[_3ߊH2շ1CNS+}/nV]c(ϕG~:yʞ*\cYr̍P{Zu۴iMkԚsPNVjj}oSD5ʬ|?RJ{!r=zAy/.Xr~}>KdX-}{-5S9}۩O)qq4?~ uSy9=;6о'VwѤk'{.&ED4뒠,Ŏub]s"N[] -F^}WtWtԞL%Q*#o =Ҭ_{}=s_x;5j B ;wJh{=p>Ü֭_gPrF:U *4J`=ѵU%m Lp{jh*%SHofWZM0/ːvj^AݚU+ܴ}ZLlrR%}aݸaU 9>SL[8k{}Zm\wE-* 2Za]e?CMo/e3(֯;p^!Eؾٴ?nzYGQW<{T7EݮU^G^],ͮ9;?Jn<1̞|Gܓ^/PWWfxSp'u+؟2Un?(/^K߾8/ډ6/o?ͣR?$ShֱbhoL;ov +%Q_<5TOVn}~p(H֏dZ;9dRcz&@6'?(gO_?a\ˎ@c>'%3KFg١nUlO)us^3;?Pu;Mȡ|>P&TC{n??v%e3ћovE(O롞7^:CdZ)sIE8u@5LS9ǚw,öW$YQ֛bׯ;DUr #z}+VX5o~?LU\}Fu3`^'iq5Jz<6Ns֧L@ZO⃾nxۄ^$%XC[zTۤ)(g4O-=\lђ܍Z#gL)GX^mK0׭#WݔV{zacOX1{>p +?#>%6qJQ~ %uXtnehjhuA9 q0Љ,~x1eh'`L ~cov.:Z߹ovyue@Ŵ|])~fFѨ}sJf^BUb'Φ z^0uzRc^OSb.\T}LCE5E?OsO>ΪveRzMv˜bH&Jgw̯?@u-=_鉷_wDLmRF?7 U]s8荖Y5C7I!?YŞF؜?חQ[(󭕿ix3/:<N%J'P<}- :.ɓ5e)7k~셣>|}jNQ2;fo|`<tyz O_s҇3k*"]-Y}RVچ0he7;;Z)7rΦcOq=H`n45y{.ڢ7[&Vymem>i{rc e=tauÄ^[7{Bf3nv=kwX}ۥd:j>-5Kw_]hO)߽IX,Lde/yu8[>PO={y.x|T~Ud]?u7sƘ]@i}GnEb-񲪧';_x/ƶ__{2;H8"+VبVABݾ\f`T,^OS?V/~, g8E2zMrS$6/Ms_*uu=ɚl=qFs6KZpnN&v@RAt瑇u'X' N[Umcp?4韯t_ L @HVׄU`d#<7l5D_{s{kb [YׇwjPx~`xU{wSnAsӷL{sD97Unu7+SkZZ^NS-C&&oSk4@cb`L#Z#_{Td> ?{u?bѣ.p]<#a%ܴ;[Ȑ]cӿ%/e`e* 5tv}?9=;D/k ç~>瘏}6XIuvѳFkdeݭDKC9Kfbwz:7=d6!L C_k9U>̫g0v7!zΟd0 =Voɢ9O"i nw }ӸYTsjz~j>_=~7u݁?[:9o<~*f2ܪ=wW29?n8}I?bk}j4ٌ*cWG:& /+Y(6$,؋UG8>rH]*/%9弊dl{4ݺysjj6ڋCWٳ}h?ҨtkEǺ鹉}|Ssjg ;zaΙ9-uS>N)C?O<3^Eۚ#cy6kz!^WW<{N׍꧸$8x57^ޜeOJihE$FŃ_}Ӱ,qNWq%Wb~=Զ5uBx[e\q>3fXRRi_?/wVkϵaw~CUdvЇ#T`ƪ%Uj_} ڝ_Y?XM? kʷ cJ Tut8#U=+q޺\^c5TktO*Wٳh9Dmvu>CQ?ֽ!ϹWCYq(6׹k]a뜖R^wcTIHv&pnCډ5. \l)]kX2EzSg+8~+WT^99x5; Vzx [}ך޲쀹z_/ڳLͷ?B׾V g!z!vAfsa+ݐ-ma6iBo@'ܥܜ䶣>t3@?uV pWOo>ϩVz}p mW涆iZ~Nd_u'y4U4k,P@0nxosO5 uvG/˽[W~cO;/ j3Y 灃7q;wh:S O9ˇ^3:˵=￿~z}п_>=q+ꠃȑG:&w\s~%0l-[TN?K/Ug4VK+UMqmG9fזrH?¾ڷazg?*ۓx>tzЦutt8sօgٗ]qE.]h~VY__Wpƍ&u/|N>p7^͵;_Рd7+Cg پk>}wQ&w#N9ԋ/d̸q~n{ ίYAW7mXo5FڿAk5կek;u 'N{] N mT/IӃܘsVUtFQ}xQ&Ͼk޽s?6_^/=eb7!PJ燈ͥ'~^>9_VL:5z˖YmquUϟtRmٸ߯x՛ϵկq Ԅ&=.j~9lm}?gmG@@HJx;)YE@@(v{#  $%@,"  Yx̽O@@@ NJ|@@@,@]ާ   I o'%K   e .sv@@@%_@@@2 oi;   @RIɒ/   @@@@ )d@@@e}ڎ   vR   Pf2>mG@@HJx;)YE@@(v{#  $%@,"  Yx̽O@@@ NJ|@@@,@]ާ   I o'%K   e .sv@@@%_@@@2 oi;   @RIɒ/   @@@@ )d@@@e}ڎ   vR   Pf2>mG@@HJx;)YE@@(v{#  $%@,"  Yx̽O@@@ NJ|@@@,@]ާ   I o'%K   e .sv@@@%_@@@2 oi;   @RIɒ/   @@@@ )d@@@<6p7IENDB`n='QVPNG  IHDRfQ3sRGB pHYs.#.#x?vtEXtDataTime2003:12:17 22:43:27 7tEXtSoftwareAdobe Photoshop 7.0l1IDATx^ VՕ﫭Bx&!i5WgDsvLN4-$t"Ơ$rc\qxOxl[3F C PFEapd۟e߷^k?Gi]k9sU}o=: @ p @ P@ Ѐ)@ dd@ `ь!@@ +dB @ff @*@X$" @0#d4Go@ PH $!@$?zC @2V Ʉ@  TI&D@ `FhƏ @H2!B 3HF3~ @ d@  @27 @$cL @ь!@@ +dB @ff @*@X$" @0#d4Go@ PH $!@$?zC @2V Ʉ@  TI&D@ `FhƏ @H2!B 3HF3~ @ d@  @27 @$cL @ь!@@ +dB @ff @*@X$" @0#d4Go@ PH $!@$?zC @2V Ʉ@  TI&D@ `FhƏ @H2!B 3HF3~ @ d@  @27 @$cL @ь!@@ +dB @ff @*@X$" @0#d4Go@ PH $!@$?zC @2V Ʉ@  TI&D@ `FhƏ @=p@$D@,~yϞݫVA6uTssZ˦1㎉ӑ6"d+_x $#5 m-[֭_V---ZZi䈑%݊LH+d? Z& t5kԪ+M fڷgC8`@N9hQMf 9$9C,@uk4LeZ>rN=fLs#u1 L 3ŋq@捛l[;Ԣ'%Ǎ7b()H =InBe.A;{vU7XCu0ㆾF8C>2@ ˗S"g(]f ,"NO<>}کl^HG@ )$cRbl^;gMU5qD-=C7B@2!%lFG$cpKHZɫWvnC(tuo:uG;+@$#rW KZA/r饕M9HZ}@h&l:$)jA)xvgN==0 T;psg?ф^|OruD5ע㹟\vg  O+Ljjƍ3M,зF *)ԞksZ45H+ʃgE'1Tj$HFz1Wɟ9rcFWuP\>j? g/ P)HJc^˫YHF3~}=<<3/ ŗ__zގt!q W  P 5kׄCz*ܭ5©߼;S'OؤXiz'= PeH*gSK){ Ngj g4SI&6Q1%"pD ,"wNKZz"{.ūZ}1*HXr$c;\p]dAe"d,S6dܫiȑCRo>VfU7~; c_(8?E{_ݒԥ]TjKo+ZBRJGy7XV3{1 *u3F.G'Znyl0>aZB UrHu$#;yI l mlhGߪ־WUnh@EPd"N$h]ZZ"UK/Q8Bq$c,F'Ek6m4MTIGo̚=[[q:a 7ET Y&F6odh,n/MRqL2 8$ =G lٺQp 蜢U;^sZAU'd D@zur;2@ S#~!`@qӫPX<&d8y&1`Bp$IC;ZnTAVC#tMX]V-{++Uu$4jūJlyxΧ(_Aم97v0ݙ֬q< $d,C:EiА (e,> x ]>@(>Χ$cv')6=Iѣ[qO  L .y@`;F6={й 6lEl@ ebX݉ gbیۻvyXۑ =BLefX8ҞM!@'d CaAY'dd|gOů1-C lذ2س=C@ kHƬ {f3dK$M⎽Dz-Ve ;s"K$94̨Qʈ P8Gs>UcT JBR@2G7l޸ ={vW!Lb@2VtP<[n57Re %V*~B@2fi˔獟c=.~cZB%&nٳK#A 8G`Tvdz'own B~1iC);1N_",+׿~n:[f zgCW~P ӮG }&N8mP:7wΜ]D8`@:2দ11L ?s^w>#稩 <ƙG-+Beb5$H@2/"B2FCu>6Hclx dmPѭ ]n%P3!}Ӧu# Z8$c)($c|Q/ ߫z:,hy 'K$ct2jݷ" I__|8OTH>Q<"d(Y6]E2ƧdZ6=.K AC>eR%1QshbUCYVgyWd!$kq9*vӭ&)<l0Fl$*QS];dB_V>K/-w@@/|:'퐌%ZF~Vx-:`xy=<î%2U/CN;>?"+4L14ǯd1t23ݖ k Yɨؐ =%@]FO.VAJ*Z5 Ϻi~XK~8SZ]kh"0[*d=L,.CVpJE,&*9OGbCTRDzYcn5տX=ֲbdū &}$cҬ$:(?>27mٺ5˖e|t2o_Z a3gMBKy3:BKldLJS[Z=Q ]\mo_vMtN&=*|_^RcѹOO jNGid֥KG N_J瑌IE}r/czUG;nR\sJlt4u3[ˊ]9DѸ첿8D9ž&%sx7)⤟Q Y\ƒ̶[jqHb{Z.Sމ$+ˊ'N<aͤ!'$c]W7f"WO̩wdBN7owG\"g0NK_bUO/oiEiF]G2ƙ3$curQHƤY;{vhm]RJV< ߳gAukWţķ߹%1^nYA@whv=/~=]VZVhwvawe=#GZW;ē>-]g3nuJCK.;i?`AiYQ:u;疛oM5t ~/5R/; h`VZCs7ʲ]zYri) S[jop?zR|R[|/]#0h7eE81}>iEzYU#dZ[$Oq77NID@e {2W:VcLLP4+$c+B%X({K_Fl-+Κ=[WB6% sG΀%"tŎJ5ԶMѶeEU:heYQAÇQ PeH*gh%[>SD TDh\@[zTuZO< qqƙ,+2!?$ccs׹B=s*K32ڲRU8Vo˯e8hvyb @9 ,~Y\VTuwN] +V0b@Ih<#财ˊx0X($cJ8yRg1&y#:aíXbCKܧSk~8iE劉"]V4o) KA%[EFb2>W8p.ѳGTiPڲ9s,X ?xsEG*EG/N{=H~73j MުӊY΁C@L+AAuQo-wk^u-+N+,+je !1&A @YCi׫wӊӊӮ^|=  : Q^, 0nZV;߹uZcoG ?/_;ig~Rؤ  $c>eå"* ,aTe'kˊ^tK1#rK9gM -;߱}{Dam떤h-+~y(1 d"M8Dew| ̪)j eVUN`℉߸zN+NRWVFDXlKR)K@<z 矏6U8kiӧMLٗnr d[C{(֭&nbfrotBܝhZr֯|EHF01Uf 'Gng F ?78/+2U AHyWLntwuWxY.vA_HFsgsg};azbwUWukˊ3nB.D@9@fo57jkʕ]|BLnI JWS:g']NW[?Sy6,+ơD%.ƌ;&E.EhYWO͘>OE8$cVdKStDSϋr;M <8*K)uJ6 '>$c|V:Æ"ؼ)[a+AҽXK% i1ڢ99}KQf-{∘"d+_x[$#z34 !W[]M8#y FZF 'j 0FAqIh[_d]X@) K4A\BKc>GISVuy%.GA!dd"@ .^MMQ࿷]Rb9gױʡ <"d(YZ0#GAYO].X7Bz:tX:t* "d,W>a.1ON[͍c@2VnzP&#Ӕש 0a@X\*?HX |. m["Y$Mb/ cil( $cY2I:*tvEgslwk A@2:9"}?ٳ#{ghJXPl+ PHƒ$<^MdXVq` yDqM3o+z9s~~>={qX(į `"e DGW_k@~XQkE]nki)!$!ٳ;9ġ{KSC}@22+>"&ӧK J>%;vTWȈՍ~PDkg=5N3dMN"eR0@2<.曃 pڬ;1㎩ m/~c1r Sm 9as $Ycp qÆai~} 7@2=Q%{=b7!(uD xc-4xEke2 2eX@2&%nIDӹ"*a D㪾Y3x$2׮N"D5Iˌbq,O9..[}'Ȃ1 m֪!֊2sU>hb3*=OY v^bxFhB!bnZZZTsnɎحN=MӳWό*Tiq!QOYFUD~] wzw':y^M)w]}`.>Z0h.;R#qB.dPؼi4PPyDo.HjOBtmШ#?}W) mӰkrGUC>řQ}+;?q9Rd:CoyihēN@^KCFMB`P4$jQC4HA;&] PHrcQ %qT錗N浬u0لlp?X'/p]Wwk(?6}gN=]f\-{t1 @2c 38K_Xwqwi18hr`Τ ;Txt%dt}N]f Yg̗_qŅ]$;G ł[2tL v75uTT|h؝@ i\vM2K [b^,Uƚ{3dp@2geep QzOv 1ev",Bz8q@265.11i ,u,b9hjjanWbG5:GV6v9`@h6VYpDsv|!d%S ~sDžYAE@27E7 @\$dt1+4te س F]HuŬuqo{{!1( P,$c"jj\h׬]Sư>SF甞%:@HL Ć@2(1BruxhR$Q7lX_ @EfN峌ܢ:FF`1{;r"E]NHaGʴ5H"3RYn16 hU~?fT'vMy`<*&!$IEG# O%EX O@SHFOgmކ s 6rd|8ƷIK@SHFOgQX䊥%6—ܒ˚kn!dH GZF2rrv@H34 !l9>[Mx9V0b|ixQͣ|\T1LeJК1D|ܳ=F5Itsl9,+v?yG~K]g"Wsɏc=%w* $cMطeE?MF|}y+n׿옧vYr;@@2掜+L@n^ڂ.uʲ]V>U*s!ˉn* )8BH"p7<=7n^0c={`Ɯ<'}2y'z#U3MACh&*HXrݬ#fiĶfx9[I[d@R<$d0i v$:XftF"WQ 'd j oTmYGntM)q[nL`rSrR@2F_M63p\l7挏;'C|wa@2Mvx|Wm7n7Am7*ӮÇ 75A?w==^ݳ6ߓ'!PH$U UGn7={d=kt/9su57L֬f|™@$#ӣ?Tz^9o{c/9<')۷box~u7_owΞ-eH>$I{@L+AE\ s~pi)CNJiOMmµG}NQ$,cDZx" Z1}4M,@% d,A W:heҊaѽ-!8Eɘy:ٝf̀s\ȃ+fiɳVLq_c?9F.9īt.e#/%^Х&|I@@2fmCpС2]\\ё`yҌk҈7 8?``y! PA&`c4[w)I u$Q:l786̈@& "җ/>3?ʷ`B@jHޙ4bK}59?#-㿨v$͕=t$,q /+qw1ȽYx:\v ` ٩S·)kɓ\vM"JИ{W%H"!@2УoWc)pvv7 k1Ő^rSyV"}59qDwNZ7q@ e"1 l7S':]j&iӧtqTD""¤=JIXʴTpL h3"N"R{ٔFn輸9@2V|Nw 8Y嶭[QHDu֎N땔c<^q7V%5Ș]X`G< @Rԟ˯B .mۺߤ_v./O )%KƨgoLr*a⪡=Z; 'w>\SܼqS1 T]2fx\}`ѿT{X#G?J6V$0S ίt:ٌT.sO>W FUúeMkҷv4ǦY`UM7oRJrF)(XQk)ןI= [ZNy%3~bubql߱7X{fm3v"p;)2ߜZ#Puh (V|ppbOC.Rt7UxK:Lk+3 ԔbZs#-:ݢ5LA kUu)v9 u& w hh'Ec@ )Lb͙5k$u(@%c:xw։o/wǽ*˨ U#pei95Ū$@2jVґ>-7ͫ;{n{AOM1}[V\t?Bc8UY%r>D StEU/#Q%*^ȺXS_{u9|>ē;aO C)V>=g_7 Oc(S %:_߷euشoǻw߶v50.&PO|$#1ٜT)#zY oV-=-ɓ'"[!?Y@BȔ8H@Kz k7w=*# ]m/W*^/& ϳ#d<3V%[ң@SڥOݯ%KƦas^Grj?c/턩~&ZqOv <7<0kDA꡼P:ꧭ[K6#K^yeQe+ޞt+ށ.Yo]вr^NWݻ|1a>I#"IU}tRH;?B.`8䛖uiF}Zzt^We1ER /Omµk?[Aϭ:qFʘŪdڷ83Ϊ69ɃcE { vDsX%џO!d<~--Iiڥ^i~ƍsϘ4lL16o'OSW]ͽuSwSSۡ%!e|b"dj ?Yl ^#Q!5>2ռc"y.\;8ӹ OX!MA*wD@ 7HQ6<:L6DdlvM̢5۳U+WQΌg50XmݽR w:~gs mpԇ?ףX qM ݘAOL!.I,wIЧdG!.6;;{{.g_FCSSW~P]ē>'@ gH#syÕF2֑N}+/}_!]5zƭc}[Vwl_ۅCHwٙӀJpfHF3*?kQDH![0cl.Vw?ףQG'zi1pͣNva1jrf}&T\ڣ1]}wjQ9Z` 0R"X B 'usN91L6`#'|^}N2 @2~LǛ6Nzu9xzGbĩ_ [8HѳGh۩+gT(SLV.7ģ ,TC] %B})1̨.Zս}J[cʷߧe;Ȉc`=PSF3.aVz?&Bvuna,~uo^QoTHmA9N+$c93ӱ0Ѩ(]3ˍY{1 R@2F Ӧu(ƹ8Ș= B1(OU3摷Jyڥ]+J׻;>s_.M8/$ct,L6{iXv|!4Tq9:ÎN806o䑷 $#D-?wݝ**7Q]+ȵeЙԳWOwgACOdԬXګL_۲Wl2[(g<XHNL}&S]KACyB7+JXė;-|= vۛQ{=4zjg8h@>$#3$o:gsW??]Zw}iY#娨}ưLA+=?#AO.Cmκi檕!%|L<< ۿwt۟};ULon֞Ӎ9F}^|gSB($Zvߕ܎'_R,$/}_h'L}ȩB%( k?ox;c̸qfv| C2!Z |2^/Sz}yK]u޶yDb>یzl'}sQ w<%{ukOq{ٲBksKDe"d,S6sEQoͫ?:GQpIJ9R}rL?]+g9o8(cMN u 'g^X#]C?Lu>D=3 IKKK눁F \_m|..1VQ1wb}EGhZLSeYZ#$E7(%%%%ew9Ϙ%mp{1uHN&%@ʤh(HF&.5I+&Jf94Z]jݴ Mys)E!WR r͡>qk$7JL5QL^.̐rD-(.u&n_oإMvۣ>lrȯ#?)C5d7PӰ1ƃ և:w'!'9T8:h] ܂h[w[&rW@cmkrcoGG^c@7eDΝ3't1m#=D"j:Ye zc0p_TGmiF$tٸ1Qr˨گ g7 0RtX:EB(fW)W~fӮΣq,`+r?3XE?1CR5Ռ:E>n f:' r@2;]1 uyE[RW&63Z@;?Nڱ)S !<̴N( R^Γ~8*2{;t8-"q #y^y)juBQXl l_dhW)ǘlC}_eO\vVZ4gn0< ]Xﵽ:p jYR#ba:Pz'}OOg^PуmD]tg|@@2*a={WuWGdorFx!H /$CP~ZٹiM*d f^5 J`c(7!dt$l_Qatyd뉡Fwp~Μ. PuHƐPgʕV.z(@DJjvo\Uxubr;Lɘ3p+w˺P2p:EPg\ 8WnٲB12W4 z&=@ j"ؚGɚp{PFc nЫɤ;}!$c8Cpg˺&"u9cKS}ˡgqC.2!dt'xUV導IH7U.:^/NJ@wHYܫ{Yc9uqmGy[$S8-AYL  ~9IG7,lR^ǵX[;Za\j ?T`eb`V `t{w뜓UX:}FdZiLO"*A.;Rc@(PzT]^Qn.SsE)1>+Z:HȤ̴K#N-t`]Qȑb_m"XtM/*46h=~79)W7<=WE޶)2N1?<̴ɑ>S-#kY<б}mF4] m?ufG7Wts[vߕb> MQQO*7xWc3%"HE~ iCN.2$3,ŹL00^v%vJ:X4'-%p)@a V"%o )Q/!Dge<={viii17dMILtoxY5}G QIIKqwO{2H+k RkZ,wT8Qn-K?$|Byf:eLsWtOzHHڨ/ 5(d|t nA,edXaolWmo<갖{=ٯX ,|CD4 ߼{GmiD՛@,c]Pd'rJ<#wϣnjqL/fR҃g(pkDsӆk";9UPUT:tV+^y%;vgu.aֹ*3g=DYGlǽX33iSVH̖VX̵_ӽNNKΊ'[b}d{mG}~%=?YR,MYiErkVΞՋ\(2'w=-H/_q℉ӦO!`NisXp@m[OH_0Ru[,0 q.Z/jPZPR*^~HgW)d^bM\]FpoFՈmݝ_"7B,[VhΛc #a*kwEGByiK軈Ve< //0Ef9zoɗHeW)$9e9)Wܖ#YH]Qњv̭fxvj؄?}!5$cdƌ;&iWɲ|tVR'YTLԒ<ԕO- //IH=:I3^B]hG րLlmO؁?$Z=洊@,eyW+Qp-hæOuӇZ( )HAJ1'UQ=k]>`@2֣tT8l"O}}DKV^'8*J1k;kD]n Dd)y#η9 d- )itI=`G 6%U{kT*9ŚLRb:beWP+Z|ּ%^KSaGF{"#[Ob4dEgUS,jno^yIEmeu -;`t7>z? nϸkbر#02"d6ypBa={[oy`YqO1߀ֲS*l:!{a*r߂3Zz ,_u'y)V4YR^jvW^v3S$ ٚo P2Hz ~> (9,eE|)#iA{ԉW~.i.J.e K=[F4*uwlJ76mtIF@RHzĢn[.)hڻI uMG7ծU/}bQRtdtlY'=n}; 5͛|e @2翜P&l߰ kh|,t*,b1v?]SLym޸732dKwLXx{vsrBRmD>LS2K6qfy@,.wI]ZTAih98SΎ|S{u1^}〢  :LZeDʢqʋ4E^{F2FsHE5#Wҭ,jYQŢUO{C=DDŽsKtQ/͎3R_Hkii m3w^92Ls-.l_RUErXDR4v^WFU^ nQ3E":wY0^bH!ؾ7ҝګD-|$}.Hd*uk>rKiqVNj&v|ؾ>=QΈ($c8K /\:\h~{z%ms@Ti1q4Ѽ2@@`& 0 L+<(gλYy x ,Wt^pI7U1gµك6~F{*huiC5$dlp6}uCx;3|*UK*%u`Qo@kF"/})ͨ c8ջw?go635xejEhsv 7}'C:tQ?Q7<=We~RS!u.zH;_+5ȁLZ&Z5s:ݳzQQVl[#\ p\Y{Uw~ӭjÅpT*9tGWPu-ҷY)|_%CŁNoNt!Zg]%VPԧdt1I:EZ] B*Fԟ8ulìf/r y`AC<)c5$oG!~(X݉ .:XbX?_Qaf9~:Էo:9??(ZB@2? gYe&בJOc3cnwsRhX= sB޾MLD@ QV2LWgGaT@H%-/Q -.faQnJɓm=!PZ]D~)sӎ~3$RorZ} 58uT>1  ?"CqN.j':8.!"kXI\vߕ7gQzDh DqtB=hA+GeeQ`ԧlښYsqiWi'V{6,M]@8>*&\cδЉ7M7i/|' OJuU9O33i:iQ*;ǩuS80laLB7=F'*𤾮2;|_Cw4>2&ͻg ,3μ+/*3>tq1x,QȝQ]-eD VvF/89yQIiӧFt/K=< 1ݘLX@Q/ҺTK*ڙDp':|B͇~tU w!L-+GF?)zZMzb,7$cKtHI زUx pͥ!ov#&:ժ v+Oht.X8`@h;5X }w#w݉Y <QG<;[յc/[GL.tW )E:˫?-*uV Cc[ &tL FD>L@zySᓤ8g*P OO}l}B"n&p p1:wn`铞JkV- >qLzɢn5nzh=q&RD]o犆{wѣrM(/u ~gW:O?a13nY_bqTNod5nGbV 5- 6y[QցS/65̽b%c=mSoS:}ڿ9W5d䘫s@2xԟXi-L?~\qbpx 6G2Z~wt)Gױ34Y ܎-7.WG>5k9J9!Ѕg$[OҋO^Ȕ1_ .YՌTWR׃IڠM*ߏ9^2>W1V]~>V4JE`EuC)U/+Uk~e$ /UTpw[_{ԡJu\hxLQi0:@2bUX^ҨU[\]Mzq5N)W]adQR RK$u(iI3Jx:C.:lxc,{p3 $iIdE@;h+PB]ܜ3am7}LCT\ta?HX9[Wb"^HTo]h6lxuSQZ8켭oG(@pc:S#q:1.B>cP/1.}sA臧QGǜ-ݛqc:5;G/lp[9t_>E:3JfFXŒשޢb`tmYݱ}mCqV(݆3jz̡Nxq鼯m_1gKF|7d(Xz}}ۖ;LA}uW=f Kh\+gJlf%ZvdWXM#_1Ӭ~$! 6vt)x}y,g4+0$cBtX;tLkS+u eV& FܔZo:9x1aƌ2YO ps;FNH\2xhU@#9\j*ŎJ~SJg OmµGO_PEژrёDᆾ1 c8O`3=GMq_|~;v~Py|= (uRf,(u8~R:%#e8'd ѦI%L1g;%LR&]&(uRzZQPRAH΁+K!Y",i+/0c&+;h˴t\Qv#ݔ6)eVʳ#e K8\h )J+1:(Wap7˕7ADR62Ef<&`q d@ɘTWMR;64@@ ˖RG^*Rijoǻ @Hg:die!@pх,O48I僎mx.c|V~ܹ%. U)^_>S փ(u/q@'HƲM Om{l&/g ,6MMJwWʞt @Uz*' @ m\3 'dϴXk.m[ڸQ $c>%\aG4# oG[V4 8ADrpiؘFa@JIXʴ @Ih Nȹ>@ )$t;'z)[@@^y.zv!@7 @ȍ17y oˊC 1$u@ $c>seߖ90fv G2!dkQF;-jhMD`ޝQ9B$!@ H|8z-.ykx7GeE_͋O$o N=ӎY4yϔ|Ƒ -+M/⃽;2oФMkl- D)vۣ_k ;kjc3^Y-.uJ:7v(]D^goKmD:&\;?uL;\y qԇ5/"!m'ZqtVOLJOtdˮ~@2/@]:kE-.vw񧻖3e!QH8 ҹ'?V#SAi BXv@&nF {S_07bтV,41^1D+{K`/ $c>^fnd>R$*.`w(u[z:vb?lh&&@9g8dB ЋV|,$(Yvߕ37ltBux Pb@2fȋzQ;%~9%jSKIg*C9@2 `zQW#tQ+BL^.~(_  ΐEY|0 h us ~x~zۮ:5&uN`kF 6™Cϝְ Zևh'xٝa8k8Gϴ\20 S;LxYP&"j/eݺʾokƷ{",k QHktz#{+|v9?^!}cY0cl\uQ_~nD2 I+6"\! f]/J,xyWhxWImrҍ8!]]踳+->ؖ:yApͯE gL!NF z'|fQ'Et@22% 5vS+7ZI,y4zɷ6qwJ%CGHE± sw^I79hC/dMɘ5aC n^[CuAN:qgEG4i ͝"چ7tRDZ6ˮO"7h t&dd>@z΢Z{ CuZWXt@S:hetkKKOk!V7(O2.|zAHF `kIWX#=} ό>!r0eq6"'d̟9#B 1S%]ueKIZVb:MC[1#Qxa -"6VLk{X1Uz#/yM,Å<R@22U6v?.qw}6l~WYۧ&)ȧOYSF\Nh)!`vc>R`]ݭڋ =c_麫nb}Mfs=:BjU8G֮苿_f7 mfNGT|Xtv.3(cDii t!ddJ@uzEIGyt;#-7.nV+`ȚQi*Ac?: yVI$!PHƊ$0}% b宴_uKgp)eѱ:& ,oy1B}R;IGT"&L_ ^uw\:zE(y\t1v鼯鐟yv`rϸO+:,ΥO; PHƊ$0}%gs׏+%]T^Ǿg^YtWt(O%uEF[^_0|$K΋IsIY@2fACc*sClnk ZqCVyh:hr']`7N_@ќ! 4ac/熞;dcGSkʂI=wG^zQ]#Lz]hjgX!d#Ȅ-3[Ic[ˍv_x ޸2)E^ƅ@w tl_syUg_WZ{s_T#"W'asL0$d4HwNg]˿Q_~/5Zq&iM_QyڤɸD48Qn8heohV.zaBl9:nBB dd&@]V!ny&8+w^8(?,j:7*tZ$p?&C'd hh bR=UF)3ߡ6<,:Ndxt@z $ =B [k>m͍؂J?y3Zn4y$texX0 4!j@2MXB!' IY.MNFx?Z߆j&{-4>؇8(:v k6@wHFf&`EY pNU;SN3tFb~i1ۛ|&'@ $#SNh:ܿmlF\pt+^~wOŸs2@Ws +ŝ :@22 4!Y?I32_ts.5? bԣ1QV9 8Mg0sKPU^tRgAJ߻S5zb<hBHGI/@ YrU6Sq ڽj܆5,^c1Mv~`HYFO*fq?Xm1wo¬r^ kPJ~'L}sSácQXe,`ʧ4˴GU)8@22% :+D/m[H4+2Vk}<Ȕ.v0z +tB@O;Ve7W[|@T[3  ZB"dd@uGcG2jUfcz#ΞcWh !3$c Hت,Ż؃v"8 >Xl^yX!dNc$7 ruѻ'7غn;Gz;1Mw.Ї L=T"&L $*\?TUy㎿N5J,sTZvߕڬO/nF3〪9Ze4+0 PHF&< aS6 (jtU N2J/x R+~߲qW4@.0OWL3] #$Y*zeö%0g~޾^ mM߹N7#Ƶ Av ` @2ÙQ `J $<3LbqMr]gS-rݥ7/|eݽJ7X| &z OtJ@2V*1ݱ| |olJkIPs+v5MXEOT㦗B4h"oGZ+ 7}s(=$cSL!0k.4h`^:xy}k}^RK}MO=6ZF$Ax6|OQBH@L)Te:F C8P X JuϦy# rts}kfc؆#f@N\⯨I%@= 1Y~sޔDLT=p, B~z(vg-/Û07U-jV YeT=dfAɘUlB +ZDCs)Z3{yS>ܱؔ_b׍sKJ0Lɠsd&|'ݝJgeO7],z!P{}8zD2@2 ${A.;rSŚ :C8*k{\,O(L)P|7'o|ӑU R$cÌ[oPȷ/Ql.g B@_  랍Ks@*i(u/]N\^mh$_/,c&޽](g̟8@ "#08u|0U;pҗ-FԶJޖ/9VfOfP|b@9g8X ;%c؂M|'z0LG-xS+?26aZO !Й/ h[Pww}%8ieQ먠6MbW:稓`r! C:$u@NtVKr,0ﵽQjX΅-1aYJ.d@u #;VΈ~uu_bTؕąʯp@z@}HFf&jLhPXq#Ԉ=wZv,?ݮt4?"I4aTӮr6_,ʷ.KȎʜBnW:baoNJ_HN@2憚 !Sf멕 00ݾ~AoTi#;KŽ,dKZrl#=iRL8IXͼu ķ^numQM+j#>_@Z;bZ9~kw4Hz 'ͫ!A! ɣ{Ɲ|.pͯs3 1j*P/\b\lZ#8+FE@ >$c|V)h䑖<]^lTI5)`I7ҁ']d[S(dh@gHFL@bEKkZT$ɸ'xY~8PmRDbQ 1$P9gW:<*]i8+ :@wd %t%O_-MMkַ.R` w_,Lu&ڽ@Գ;[ܕpq[!=pD Ђl_tQK=szѧh qLB uDtA\FM{@ 1JEqk^ؾVնGoXJAnn:9CէiQ'C&F%R۲ZLk{=hYGJ.e~GopϖM#OD&귂` HF @@ed@   @fXe4Go@ PH $!@$?zC @2V Ʉ@  TI&D@ `FhƏ @H2!B 3HF3~ @ d@  @27 @$cL @ь!@@ +dB @f.%]IENDB`a( H/ 0|DTimesngsortsڄn^`DOsakangsortsڄn^` DArialngsortsڄn^`0DMonotype Sortsڄn^`@DWingdingsortsڄn^` b .  @n?" dd@  @@`` H(=       /Xb$qZ,Vz b$='QV c $PReee333@R8Cuʚ;2Nʚ;g4ddC `fppp@  6C___PPT10 ( P @X  (00@ `    0___PPT90@P  0  P``     `h___PPT2001D<4X7___PPTMac117@f   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  ,namd$ Times RomanT1   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography(RR 0   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography eeeeee    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography eeeeee D   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography   X   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography @   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  |   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography D   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  X   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  X   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  H   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  ?.- Sollins/CSAILO =x1Experiment Specification and Network Architecture&2, PKaren Sollins, MIT CSAIL GENI Workshop on Measurement Madison, WI, June 26, 20090Q ,3#"What s the point?Setting up  the experiment as specified, but why? Declaration of behaviors of experiment, but why? Evaluation of whether behaving as desired, but why? Understand what is (un)acceptable, mitigation, repair FZ3146  ,")  Example uses|Network architecture and design research Validation and demonstration Comparison of a suite, with variations Reproduction of results Security Unrealistic, challenging situations Risky, threatening, T1/T2 type experimentation Education Constraints on projects: completely specified Refinement of constraints: partially specified Demonstration of understanding: provided by student )Z\Z ZSZ ZZ)'   S ]3  $$Setting the stageXShared resource facility Realities: what is shared and what is not Expectations of facility behavior Requisitioning of subset of resources Based on combination of availability and experiment criteria Expectations of resource behaviors Experiment Use of resources: experimentation, reproduction of experiment, teaching Expectations of experimentZLZ&Z`Z ZcZ*"&  =# c;" ExternalitiesFComposition of  internet connected components Experiments that have some need of external interaction Contradictory policies between infrastructure and experiment&g<, "u'The challenges for setting expectationsWhat is it that we want to learn? Can it be measured directly? Can it be inferred? If both are possible, which is more effective? Performance Quality of results: possible, needed Authorization for access Reuse of information How to determine and evaluate these"1/"/   $  #$$((,d!Architectural requirementsAcquisition of specifications or expectations Language for specifying expectations Making use of the expectations Sharing, collaboration, longevity, repetition/modification D.%Z  Ei$Learning expectationsInline in code Experiment level specification Learned by experimenter behavior Specified by system management Learned from system manager behaviorD! $,e%Expectation LanguageSpecification of expectations to base and abstract resources and instances of them Specification of expected behaviors from an extensible set of behaviors Metrics and bounds for behaviors Logical operators (and, or, not) Timing, location and other constraints to expectations RZSH!!  7 6<~W&Translating expectationsYEvaluation of which information required and how to obtain Measure Find elsewhere Infer Extensible and localizable set of measurement tools Composition of health of experiment Composition of behavior metrics into experiment behavior and evaluation against experiment metric Composition of component behaviors against component behavior metrics ;ZZXZZZ;  4$bB62' 'Sharing, collaboration, longevity, etc.Goals Longevity Tool/application/expectation independence Availability Discovery Policy control Information substrate Ontology Identification Policy constraint language Announcement, request, rendezvous Storage, distribution, delivery Policy constraint composition and applicationZZZZZ4   #   $$-((,,* SummaryWExpectations Policy constraints Behavior constraints Tool library Information substrateDX  /<  @` 33` Sf3f` 33g` f` www3PP` ZXdbmo` \ғq>9y`Ӣ` 3f3ff` 3f3FKf` hk]wwwfܹ` ff>>\`Y{ff` R>&- {p_/̴>?" dd@(333?udRd@  uK@U`nA n?" dd@   @@``PV eee   @ ` `Rp>> PH ( `U   6 " P  T Click to edit Master title style! !$  0 1 "@  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  02 "`  K6/26/09(C C  03 "   kSollins, Measurement WkshopC   0"0 "   f**C C Z  C $A csail"`lB   6DR>"H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.2o (csail slide template  @ yq   (     63 "p  T Click to edit Master title style! !  0pQ= " `    W#Click to edit Master subtitle style$ $  0P.0 "``  T*C   06 "`   V*C   0Ps! "`   V*C Z  C $A csail" H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.2oa  zr ( t   0 P    P*    0     R*  d  c $ ?    0   @  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  6  `P   P*    6 `   R*  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.r2m` @( PS l  C  p  l  C  3  `    H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10e+D=' = @B + ` P(  l  C -7 P   l  C p7@  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.Av*\ ` (  l  C   P   l  C @F 0  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.iBvr| ` `t( r~ tl t C  P   l t C 0`  H t 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.>vZ" ` p(   l  C  P   l  C @@  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.Av ` x(  xl x C / P   l x C `~@  H x 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.>vo ` |(  |l | C  P   l | C @@  H | 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.>vM ` (  l  C ' P   l  C (@  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.Av( ` (  l  C Û P   l  C ě@  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.AvA ` ( s  l  C  P   l  C @  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.Av  ` 0( zibaels  l  C Y< P   l  C  [<0  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.Av(5 ` (  l  C p P   l  C p]@  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.kBvʐ@ tlL( C !D !C !M ! LR L 3    r L # ^ @    H L 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.rp*dxp^RЀ3ÿ lHbP  @AL G@;b `B&Vծ1 ҁ x1 XۑWlpey݁[hwJffցTuo0sXpdll؁#xFCHÁ[νgfaallہ Kǁ^؁{m{l|{ijy5!5<x75{4q[؁ꤿ´ā 233233 £ĕR~ԘfffRԘ\nwnnNnwNZ \ RRR- @@-S,7R$RRvfRn~RRRR\fRfRRRvR5RRRR\RRRv~RRԞR\˞RRRRRRvRR\Rb@@---e-----nnZeZR+7R\,vRR\vRԒRRRRRR7\RR\RR~܅ԒRԒRnߋRf\\RR1--wN-NN@@Nӏ@6@@@@ʏnw@@N-@N)R)R\\\fv~~Ԓf\RR~nԘ\RԒ\R~nԒRԒԒ\vRfRRff*N@ZNenNʏ@ZZeʇ@ZZeN@ʇZ@ZN@N@-ʏNV18R+vvfvԒ\\RRԒ\8R\fRR~RԒRԒRR\R옒f\R\f+N-@Nʇʏ@؇ʇ-7描N@w@ʕnc--NʇNP 'RRRnRRfnRRԒffRR ԒfRRRRnRRԒRԒRRR\fRRfRffNNʏʏNeʏe!@NĿ-NN@ʏNfԘZ%ЁfԘZʮ X^فRRRԘRfЁnʜffn\ fR\χ- ʕ4nRRv\R\nRff3RRRRRRR\RԞvR~RRRR~RRnvRRRR---w-@n!-eϕeen4ܖǩR\~˞\4v~RRnRRԒRvRR\\fRRؖ@4-wnwN-ʏNNZʇN@e ܖv\vfff\ RRf\RԘԒf\ԒRfv~~\\ffRvv~–@ NNӇ -@Nʏʏ@ZNenÇʏNNw@ZeeH~RfУ\R0\ԒRR\\ԒRvRvRRRRܖNN@5w؇nƇʇ@e@Nwe R\nRffRRfv#RԒRRf\ԒRnnRRRRvR~R RRv -@NNNwNʏZ-NNNf |eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeʁee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee߁eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeʁeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee aee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeQeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee<eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee hoeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee ՜.+,0t     'On-screen Show MIT CSAILɚe  TimesOsakaArialMonotype Sorts Wingdingscsail slide template*Experiment Specification and ArchitectureWhats the point? Example usesSet      0|DTimesngsortsxڄnx켐DOsakangsortsxڄnx켐 DArialngsortsxڄnx켐0DMonotype Sortsxڄnx켐@DWingdingsortsxڄnx켐 b .  @n?" dd@  @@`` 4,`+@        /Xb$qZ,Vz  b$='QV  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ c $`Reee333@R8Quʚ;2Nʚ;g4ididC`fppp@  2Q___PPT10 ( `   `   `   (00X    x          P``          @ `h___PPT2001D<4XxC___PPTMac11C@f   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  ,namd$ Times Roman@=   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography(RR 0   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography eeeeee    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography eeeeee D   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography      hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography p   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography D   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  X   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  X   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  p   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  (namd Osaka    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  0   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography   H   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  ?.- Sollins/CSAILO =1Experiment Specification and Network Architecture&2, PKaren Sollins, MIT CSAIL GENI Workshop on Measurement Madison, WI, June 26, 20090Q ,3#"What s the point?Setting up  the experiment as specified, but why? Declaration of configuration and behaviors of experiment, but why? Evaluation of whether behaving as desired, but why? Understand what is (un)acceptable, but what to do? Report, mitigate, repair FZ3C4M  N)  Example usesNetwork architecture and design research Tuning for validation and demonstration Comparison of a suite, with variations Reproduction of results Compose with other experiments Security Unrealistic, challenging situations Risky, threatening, T1/T2 type experimentation Education Constraints on projects: completely specified Refinement of constraints: partially specified Demonstration of understanding: provided by student )ZZ ZSZ ZZ)('   S  ]$$3((,,Setting the stage Shared resource facility Realities: what is shared and what is not Expectations of facility behavior Constraints on resource availability Requisitioning of subset of resources Based on combination of availability and experiment criteria Expectations of resource behaviors Experiment Use of resources: experimentation, reproduction of experiment, teaching Expectations of experiment Note: specifications are important for all aspects of the GENI environment, not only experiments. So, statements to this point are too narrow.ZqZ&Z`Z ZcZZ*"$  &=#  c$$((,,,;" ExternalitiesFComposition of  internet connected components Experiments that have some need of external interaction Contradictory policies between infrastructure and experiment&g<, "u9The challenges for setting specifications (expectations*)*What is it that we want to learn? Can it be measured directly? Can it be inferred? If both are possible, which is more effective? Performance Quality of results: possible, needed Authorization for access Reuse of information How to determine and evaluate these * Term borrowed from Jelena Mirkovic"Z1Z/ZZ%Z"/   $  $$$$((,,Zj!Architectural requirementsAcquisition of specifications or expectations Language for specifying expectations Making use of the expectations Sharing, collaboration, longevity, repetition/modification D.%Z  Ei$Learning expectationsInline in code Experiment level specification Learned by experimenter behavior Specified by system management Learned from system manager behaviorD! $,e%Expectation LanguageSpecification of expectations to base and abstract resources and instances of them Specification of expected behaviors from an extensible set of behaviors Metrics and bounds for behaviors Logical operators (and, or, not) Timing, location and other constraints to expectations RZSH!!  7 6<~W&Translating expectationsEvaluation of which information required and how to obtain Measure Find elsewhere Infer Extensible and localizable set of measurement tools Composition of health of experiment Composition of behavior metrics into experiment behavior and evaluation against experiment metric Composition of component behaviors against component behavior metrics Note: complicated by burden of measuring, monitoring, and evaluating as well as policy constraints. ;ZZXZZdZZ;  3$c  $$((B62P' :Sharing, collaboration, longevity, repetition/modification;;$Challenges How to distribute the load of measurements and computed useful information? How to share and find measurements and results of analyses? How to do longevity studies? How to minimize impact from lots of measurement, lots of data, lots of storage? How to compose individual information policy controls? Information substrate Ontology Identification Policy constraint language Announcement, request, rendezvous Storage, distribution, delivery Policy constraint composition and application Z,ZZZ L5  P6  $$((#,, 00-4488P:, Some of the hard problems How to select measurement collection in face of policy and performance constraints? Where to place and how to find measurements? How best to serve the imperfectly aligned interests of the facilities management, the providers of special resources, and the experimenters?8T-  > EBw* Architecture summaryfSpecifications/expectations Policy constraints Behavior constraints Tool library Information substrateDg /  P(  l  C Z  P   l  C .[ @  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.Av*\  `(  l  C  P   l  C @0  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.iBvr|  pt( r~ tl t C pS P   l t C S`  H t 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.>vZ"  x(  xl x C hT  P   l x C T @  H x 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.>vo  ( s  l  C 0d P   l  C 0d@  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.Av   ( zibaels  l  C f P   l  C  e0  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.Av(5   ( yy l  C ` P   l  C `^@  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.|Cv[  0(  l  C X  P   l  C 0X @  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.kBvʐr< #@ & ) ` , +ӕ@,v( H/ 0eeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee  Slide Titles  RdO)Qu@PicturesKPowerPoint Document(ɚSummaryInformation(4     V]^ !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUW[X_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxz{|}~DocumentSummaryInformation8Current UserG ting the stageExternalities:The challenges for setting specifications (expectations*)Architectural requirementsLearning expectationsExpectation LanguageTranslating expectations;Sharing, collaboration, longevity, repetition/modificationSome of the hard problemsArchitecture summary  Fonts UsedDesign Template%_㥚 @$Karen SollinsKaren Sollins 0___PPT90@P       0   P``          @ `h___PPT2001D<4XxC___PPTMac11C@f   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  ,namd$ Times Roman@=   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography(RR 0   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography eeeeee    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography eeeeee D   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography      hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography p   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography D   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  X   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  X   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  p   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  (namd Osaka    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  0   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography   H   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  ?.- Sollins/CSAILO =)Experiment Specification and Architecture&*PKaren Sollins, MIT CSAIL GENI Workshop on Measurement Madison, WI, June 26, 20090Q ,3#"What s the point?Setting up  the experiment as specified, but why? Declaration of configuration and behaviors of experiment, but why? Evaluation of whether behaving as desired, but why? Understand what is (un)acceptable, but what to do? Report, mitigate, repair FZ3C4M  N)  Example usesNetwork architecture and design research Tuning for validation and demonstration Comparison of a suite, with variations Reproduction of results Compose with other experiments Security Unrealistic, challenging situations Risky, threatening, T1/T2 type experimentation Education Constraints on projects: completely specified Refinement of constraints: partially specified Demonstration of understanding: provided by student )ZZ ZSZ ZZ)('   S  ]$$3((,,Setting the stage Shared resource facility Realities: what is shared and what is not Expectations of facility behavior Constraints on resource availability Requisitioning of subset of resources Based on combination of availability and experiment criteria Expectations of resource behaviors Experiment Use of resources: experimentation, reproduction of experiment, teaching Expectations of experiment Note: specifications are important for all aspects of the GENI environment, not only experiments. So, statements to this point are too narrow.ZqZ&Z`Z ZcZZ*"$  &=#  c$$((,,,;" ExternalitiesFComposition of  internet connected components Experiments that have some need of external interaction Contradictory policies between infrastructure and experiment&g<, "u9The challenges for setting specifications (expectations*)+What is it that we want to learn? Can it be measured directly? Can it be inferred? If both are possible, which is more effective? Performance Quality of results: possible, needed Authorization for access Reuse of information How to determine and evaluate these * Term borrowed from Jelena Mirkovic"Z1Z/ZZ&Z"/   $  $$$%((,,lc!Architectural requirementsAcquisition of specifications or expectations Language for specifying expectations Making use of the expectations Sharing, collaboration, longevity, repetition/modification D.%Z  Ei$Learning expectationsInline in code Experiment level specification Learned by experimenter behavior Specified by system management Learned from system manager behaviorD! $,e%Expectation LanguageSpecification of expectations to base and abstract resources and instances of them Specification of expected behaviors from an extensible set of behaviors Metrics and bounds for behaviors Logical operators (and, or, not) Timing, location and other constraints to expectations RZSH!!  7 6<~W&Translating expectationsEvaluation of which information required and how to obtain Measure Find elsewhere Infer Extensible and localizable set of measurement tools Composition of health of experiment Composition of behavior metrics into experiment behavior and evaluation against experiment metric Composition of component behaviors against component behavior metrics Note: complicated by burden of measuring, monitoring, and evaluating as well as policy constraints. ;ZZXZZdZZ;  3$c  $$((B62P' :Sharing, collaboration, longevity, repetition/modification;;$Challenges How to distribute the load of measurements and computed useful information? How to share and find measurements and results of analyses? How to do longevity studies? How to minimize impact from lots of measurement, lots of data, lots of storage? How to compose individual information policy controls? Information substrate Ontology Identification Policy constraint language Announcement, request, rendezvous Storage, distribution, delivery Policy constraint composition and application Z,ZZZ L5  P6  $$((#,, 00-4488P:, Some of the hard problems How to select measurement collection in face of policy and performance constraints? Where to place and how to find measurements? How best to serve the imperfectly aligned interests of the facilities management, the providers of special resources, and the experimenters?8T-  > EBw* Architecture summaryfSpecifications/expectations Policy constraints Behavior constraints Tool library Information substrateDg /m @( PS l  C  'X  p  l  C 0|  `    H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10e+D=' = @B +  x(  xl x C 0]i P   l x C P^i`  H x 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.>vo  (  l  C `) P   l  C *@  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.AvAr ȓ=%]+},